
The 18th and 19th Space Defense Squadrons (SDS) at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Calif., have issued recommendations for future satellite operators on how to lessen the chances of collision in low Earth orbit (LEO)--impacts that may spur the so-called Kessler effect, named after a paper in 1978 by NASA scientist Donald Kessler, in which the generation of debris leads to an increase in the probability of more LEO collisions. In a paper for the Small Sat conference in Logan, Utah,…